Important english

Why is sport important children? The Ottawa Cltlzen Straight Talk About Children And Sport hlldren have to be active every day. Physical activity stimulates growth and leads to Improved physical and emotional health. Today, research shows that the Importance ot physical activity in children is stronger than ever. For example, medical researchers have observed that highly active children are less likely to suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer of the colon, obesity, and coronary heart isease later in life.Exercise is also known to relieve stress Some children experience as much stress, depression, and anxiety as adults do. And because exercise Improves health, a fit child Is more likely to be well-rested and mentally sharp. Even moderate physical activity has been shown to Improve a child's skill at arithmetic, reading, and memorization. But sport, not just exercise, gives a child more than just physical well-being; it contributes toa child's development both psychological ly and socially.Sport psychologist Dr. Glyn Roberts of the University of Illinois has worked primarily in children's sport for the last two decades. He emphasizes that sport is an important learning environment for children. â€Å"Sport can affect a child's development of self-esteem and self-worth,† explains Roberts. â€Å"It Is also wlthln sport that peer status and peer acceptance Is established and developed. † One way children gain acceptance by their peers is to be good at activities valued by other children, says Roberts.Research shows that children would rather play sports than do anything else. A study conducted in the united States showed that high school boys and girls would rather be better at sports than in academic subjects. The same study showed that high school boys would rather fall in class than be Incompetent on the playing field. Because sport Is Important to children, being good at sports Is a strong social asset. Young boys in particular use sport s and games to measure themselves against their riends.Children who are competent at sports are more easily accepted by children of their own age. and are more likely to be team captains and group leaders. Such children usually have better social skills. The primary goal of parents and coaches is to help children find the success in sport they need to make them feel valued and ‘ Of2 wanted. Every cn110 can De successTul at one spo the sports that are right for each child. 3 Children and Sport: An Introduction rt or anotn tne time to Tina

From One War to Another Essay

The French and Indian war, a war that had assembled the largest number of troops ever, was caused by more than a hundred years of rivalry between the two countries, had several consequences on the British Empire, and impacted the colonies greatly. When the fire of the French and Indian war was blown out, another match was dropped, starting another war. The main causes of the French and Indian war also known as the Seven Years war, was due to the constant hostility of the two large Empires. Although peace was kept surprisingly well, at the beginning of colonization in the New World, the Ohio River brought upon a new battle. Not only the French and English wanted control of the Ohio River Valley, but the Native Americans who were living there also believed that it was rightfully their land. All held the notion that the Valley was a strategic economic location and none were willing to give it up, which led to the start of small battles. Eventually, this led up to a declaration of war from Britain to France. This caused both France and England to suddenly begin seeking friendship with the Indians in order to have them as allies. Although the English won the war, the consequences that they faced were immense. The war had increased Britain’s debt to 133 million pounds by 1763, which led to much hatred towards the colonies who were unwilling to help pay this debt. Grennville, and other men of the British Empire bestowed it upon the colonies as their duty to participate in paying the debt.. Grenville took it upon himself to impose harsh acts, such as the Sugar and Stamp act, inorder to take revenue from the colonies. This outraged many colonialists, including Patrick Henry, who at one of Virginias House of Burgesses meetings, openly protested the stamp act, and the unjust acts of the empire. Not only did the British feel that they colonies should take part in paying the debt, but they also held a feeling of resentment due to the colonists minimal of participation in helping with the army, and supplying food and clothing. The British were infuriated that the Colonies were so uncooperative, and unappreciati ve after all they had done for America.. This led to increased tension and unrest between the colonies and Britain. Quite different from the repercussions of the war of the British, the colonies had very different consequences. Men like George Washington who had participated in the battle began to see that the redcoats were not as powerful as they were thought of, and that they would not always be able to serve and protect the colonies. Also, with colonialists fighting the war beside eachother, this interaction with the other twelve colonies opened the eyese of the colonies making them aware that when united together, they could become a force that could challenge the British Empire. Also the Colonies were angered by the harsh acts initiated by the British, and began to despise the Parliamentary rule. Leading other colonies and people to protest Grenvilles acts; together they held an intercolonial gathering of nine colonies, called the Stamp Act Congress, which lead to the Governors writing to the British Government of how they should be in charge of their own taxation as they saw the British system of taxation without representation as unjust and unlawful. This perception led them to increasingly doubt their loyalty to the empire and these events led to the American Revolution. Beginning as a rivalry between the French and English which caused the Seven Years war, lead to drastic consequences of both the colonies and the British. The British Empire had a huge debt, and lost their relationship with America while the colonials began to imagine breaking free of British rule.The end of a war lead to another war.

Stationery Supply Proposal

Intellect Resources Limited 2, Kolawole Sebili Street Killa B/Stop, Iyana Ejigbo Ejigbo, Lagos [email  protected] com Intellect Res. Ltd Intellect Res. Ltd Intellect Resources Limited BOOKS AND GENERAL STATIONERY SUPPLIES 25 June 2011 Prepared By:Ige Michael Olatunde Sales Officer Prepared For: XXXX Nigeria Limited. DESCRIPTION XXX Nigeria Limited requires an a prompt and economical supply of general office stationery and related materials.Intellect Resources Limited is committed to supply books and general office stationery to XXX Nigeria limited in a prompt and cost effective manner to avoid unnecessary delays in XXX Nigeria Limited service deliveries, office operations, etc. OBJECTIVE 1. To employ the best practices in the conduct of business 2. Supply of goods that meet the requirement of client 3. Provide prompt and timely supplies irrespective of client location and status 4. Provide a network that ease access to urgent requirement and supplies 5.Make available a pedestal for customization of office equipment and preserve identity SCOPE OF SERVICE Our services include but not limited to the following 1. Supply of basic office consumables and supplies, mailing supplies, small office electronics, multimedia storage devices, ink and toner supplies and light office machines. 2. Supply of academic books ranging from creche to higher education books 3. Supply of business and motivational books 4. Conferencing and Meeting support services 5. Customisation of office equipments and identities 6.Library and allied services COST SUMMARY The following tables shows the estimated cost of stationery and office consummables supplied by our organisation. Basic Office Supplies No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| File fastener| | | | 2| Paper binder| | | | 3| Pape rings| | | | 4| Key tag| | | | 5| Foldback clips| | | | 6| Mounting tacks| | | | 7| Thimblettes| | | | 8| Rubber band| | | | 9| Adhesive tapes| | | | 10| pens| | | | 11| pencils| | | | 12| Correction pen| | | | 13| Correction fluid and brush| | | | 14| Correction tape| | | | 5| Adhesive notes| | | | 16| glues| | | | 17| Marker& cleaner| | | | 18| Rulers| | | | 19| Erasers| | | | 20| Writing pads/ Notepads| | | | 21| Key cabinet| | | | Mailing Supplies No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| Custom Label| | | | 2| Laser label| | | | 3| Bubble packaging| | | | 4| Tape dispenser| | | | 5| Envelopes| | | | 6| Shrink Wraps| | | | 7| Plastic bags| | | | 8| Mailing tubes| | | | 9| Shipping boxes| | | | 10| Paper packaging| | | | Electronics and storage Devices No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Comments| 1| Calculator| | | | | Voice recorder| | | | 3| Label maker| | | | 4| CD & DVD| | | | 5| CD cover, rack and stack| | | | 6| External hard drives| | | | 7| USB memory stick| | | | 8| Computer cables| | | | 9| Ink and cartridges| | | | 10| Copier toner| | | | 11| Copier papers| | | | 12| Inkjet and laser photo papers| | | | Light office Machines No| Item| Brand/Make| Price/unit| Co mments| 1| Stapler| | | | 2| Staple pins| | | | 3| Hole punches| | | | 4| Guillotine| | | | 5| Scissors| | | | 6| Utility knife| | | | 7| | | | | 8| | | | | 9| | | | | 10| | | | |The cost summary of other services rendered is provided on client’s request. Disclaimer: The above cost are estimates and valid within 20 days of preparation of this proposal DELIVERY In-stock goods are delivered within six hours after receiving a PO (Lagos only) and within 48 hours outside Lagos. CLOSING We are committed to prompt, timely and satisfactory delivery of goods and services. Our professional, dedicated personnel and open-ended supply chain keep us above board among our peers. We guarantee satisfaction of client in all areas of our business.

Gender issues in asian traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender issues in asian traditions - Essay Example The Confucians viewed the cosmic order as â€Å"life-giving, relational, and harmonious in the interaction of its parts† and this gratitude for life was visible in their worship of the ancestors (Kelleher 137). Even though Confucianism considered family life and marriage as sacred, relationships, for the Confucians, were hierarchical in nature. As Kelleher points out parents, rulers, husbands and older siblings enjoyed higher social positions whereas the positions of children, subjects, wives and younger siblings were inferior(Kelleher 138). Wives needed to remain submissive to their husbands. The role of women was identified with the earth: Confucianism held that â€Å"the position of women in the human order should be lowly and inferior like the earth, and that the proper behaviour for a woman was to be yielding and weak, passive and still like the earth† (Kelleher 140). In the same way, one can also find similar passive and submissive roles attributed to women in Hin duism. As Young suggests, the role of women and their rituals during this period was limited to maintaining ‘social and cosmic order’. Even though the Vedic women’s role was esteemed as wife and mother, she had to remain as a silent partner in the Vedic rituals. The husband’s role was much prominent as he was the patriarchal head of the family. In Confucianism and Hinduism women were subject to certain codes of conduct. The role of women in Confucianism was very often limited to the family whereas the role played by men was viewed in the wider social-political order. Women were subject to three types of obedience in the family structure: â€Å"as a daughter she was subject to her father; as a wife, to her husband; and when older, to her son† (Kelleher 140). Another crippling factor that restricted woman’s active role was her lack of education. While boys had formal education in history and the classics, girls had to remain at

Media, Stereotypes & the Perpetuation of Racism in Canada Essay

Media, Stereotypes & the Perpetuation of Racism in Canada - Essay Example The media – print as well as television is one of the most powerful sources of mass communication in today’s times, and its accessibility and vast outreach has further added to its sheer power to influence the ‘minds of the masses’. The issues portrayed by the media are almost invariably regarded as ‘truthful’ and assumed to be accurate by the audiences, which lends even more power in the hands of those who control it. The media, world over, has recently attracted severe criticism for the negative portrayal of critical events, and especially for irresponsible reporting by hiding the facts and reality and sensationalizing the news through willful and deliberate misrepresentation of issues which can have a strong negative influence on those who consume such blatant lies. One of its several outcomes is the perpetuation of racism, on account of the negative portrayal or racial stereotyping of the ethnic minorities. This paper critically examines the portrayal of minority communities by the Canadian media, explores the manner in which they are represented – i.e. misrepresented or underrepresented in the media, and its ultimate impact on the masses, culminating of such news into a negative image of members of such groups, there by attracting harsh and often discriminatory behavior towards them by the dominant groups. This study is an attempt to study the highly complex relationship between the minority communities and their gross misrepresentation by the Canadian media, the role of the media in shaping national identities and influencing peaceful or destructive inter racial relations and / or harmony depending on the media representations. â€Å"Racisim is prejudice or discrimination against other people because of their race or because of what is thought to be their race (their biology or ancestry or physical appearance). It involves the assumption that peoples birth or biology

Gender Sexuality and Nationalism in the Early 20th Century in China Essay

Gender Sexuality and Nationalism in the Early 20th Century in China - Essay Example However, with the changes that were facing the country in the early 20th century, the aspects that were previously restricted increased in the number of cases and more people began engaging in different acts. One of the cases that had increased was prostitution that was more acceptable as with the fast growing population and city life people stated in engaging in the acts and although the men were also affected, the women were the most highly affected (Liu, et al 90). There was more premarital sexual behavior since the people that had moved to the urban areas did not believe in sticking to the same rules that restricted them before. There was also a change in nationalism as the state stopped being involved in every aspect of its people’s lives and due to the changes in the global setting, there were other problems that had hit the country. The state stopped looking at the state of affairs of marriages by individuals and as a result, there was increased freedom among the people . The state would however still involve itself in the problems facing the marriage if there was any violence or if the issue was brought to the attention of the state. The state and the people had started changing their previous beliefs and they were slowly integrating the modernity model into their lives that brought with it other sexual behaviors. Masculinity and femininity are also important aspects that were slowly changing in China as the old and patriarchal systems were changing although at a slow rate.

Death and Gender in Othello Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death and Gender in Othello - Research Paper Example Desdemona dies, because of lies and jealousy, as well as racial and gender discrimination. Iago misrepresents many people, so that he can advance his own interests and to take revenge against Cassio and Othello. Othello promotes Cassio instead of Iago, which angers the latter who thinks he is more deserving than Cassio. Iago, with revenge in mind, manipulates people's vulnerabilities or weaknesses, making him â€Å"perhaps Shakespeare’s consummate villain† (Foster 2). Iago is â€Å"evil† enough to not even have any motivation of hating and killing Othello. Foster believes that not being promoted is only the tipping point of Iago's hatred for Iago. Foster argues: â€Å"It is Othello’s candor, openness, and spontaneous, generous love that Iago finds offensive† (2). Suggesting that Othello only seduced his wife indicates Iago's corrupted soul. Iago treats people as victims or tools, and in many ways, he is the â€Å"classical Renaissance atheist,† who is cunning and beyond morality, as he finds it rewarding to darken that which is pure (Foster 2). He knows that his actions can endanger him too, but he trusts in his wits to save him (Foster 2). Iago thinks that his main purpose in life is to be the darkness to people's goodness. And Othello, with his racial and cultural difference, is the perfect target for the dark-spirited Iago. Iago specifically lies about Othello, Cassio, and Desdemona, because he has a corrupted nature with hatred and bitterness in his heart. Iago initially misrepresents Othello to Brabantio, a Venetian senator and Desdemona's father. Iago uses racism to encourage Brabantio to kill Othello. He tells Desdemona's father that Othello seduced her daughter, as if it is impossible for a white woman to love a Moor. Iago gives Brabantio a strong racist image: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram/Is topping your white ewe...† (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 1). Iago uses pathos to evoke an emotional response from Brabantio. Iago also connives with Roderigo, who wants to steal Desdemona from Othello. Iago, however, is a double spy and he warns Othello of Brabantio's forthcoming allegations and actions. This warning, nevertheless, is Iago's way of reinforcing Othello's trust in him, so that he can further damage the latter. Iago also lies to Roderigo that he is loyal to him. Roderigo only wants Desdemona and since he knows that Iago hates Othello, he has an ally. Roderigo also sends gifts to Desdemona to woo her, but Iago keeps these gifts for himself. Iago appears to be helping Roderigo to win Desdemona's heart, but he only lures him into his web of lies. In this web, the main goal is to kill all those who have â€Å"mistreated† him- Othello and Cassio. Since Othello loves Desdemona, she must also suffer too. Iago also misrepresents Cassio to Othello. Iago even uses his wife, Emily, to use Desdemona's handkerchief as the visual proof of her infidelity. Desdemona accident ally drops her handkerchief that Othello gave to her. Emilia picks it up, and Iago uses that to engender doubt in Othello's mind. When Othello asks Iago for evidence that Desdemona is no longer faithful to him, Iago says that he slept in Cassio’s room and heard Cassio mention sweet words about Desdemona. He says that he had seen Cassio using Desdemona's handkerchief too. Rage consumes Othello, who vows to kill Cassio. He

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective paper - Essay Example Gained information from other authors and experts in the more casual setting on what questions which can fall under open-ended and close-ended questionnaires Day 2 (morning) Interviewed nurses on how and what questions they asked in order to gain health-related information from their patients. Gained information on the type of questions they used and how they asked such questions from patients Day 2 (afternoon) Interviewed doctors and other health professionals asking them the types of questions they should be asked by other health professionals in relation to patient care. Gained knowledge on what I can ask from doctors and other health professionals in order to gain the most data about the patient’s care. ... Day 4 (afternoon) Formulated open-ended and close-ended questions based on books and studies researched, and based on information gathered from other nurses, patients, and health professionals Organize information on paper based on knowledge gained above and establish open-ended and close-ended questions from this knowledge. Day 5 (morning) Tested such questions with 3 nurses, 3 other health professionals, and 3 patients; feedback from such questions were asked from the respondents Learned what was lacking and what needed improvement in the questionnaire Day 5 (afternoon) Questionnaire refined based on the suggestions of the respondents Integrated more improvements on questionnaire based on initial feedback Day 6 (morning) Rapport building was carried out with other colleagues, health professionals, and patients. Found out ways of getting around patient’s defenses and get them to be more open about their health issues. Day 6 (afternoon) Posed open-ended and close-ended questio ns on patients to establish their history and physical assessment details Gained accurate, timely, and appropriate information about the patients to assist in the diagnosis and treatment plan. Reflection The plan above which I followed in the application of my PDP, contains both advantages and disadvantages. This plan was very much effective in achieving my goals for this research. Basically, I believe that what I have done above will help me better communicate with patients and other health professionals. In carrying out the question and answer process, I was able to bring further support to the idea by the JCAHO (2003) which stated that open-ended questions are known to yield definite answers from the patient in relation to past and current

Career Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development - Case Study Example Analysis of the Actions of Madeleine Lagarde and Her Mentor 6 2.2. Analysis of the Actions of Eric Wong and His Mentor 7 3.0. Ways to Make Mentorship More Different 8 Bibliography 9 1.0. BCG’s Career Development and Mentorship Processes: Strengths and Weakness Boston Consulting Group is considered as the ideal place for strategy consulting as an organisation. The main objective of the organisation is to attract, develop and retain the best of the candidates in the organisation. The career development process for the professionals and mentorship program in the organisation is the best. The strengths and weaknesses of these processes are discussed in the below paragraphs. 1.1. Strength of the Career Development and Mentorship Process The career development in BCG is quite remarkable. There is a good scope for career building in the organisation, ranging from associates to officers. The associates and consultants in the firm are primarily focused on the organisational module. The project leader handles various projects in the organisation. The managers have the responsibility to handle both the project and the clients of the organisation as both are termed essential for the success of the business. The officers of BCG give much emphasis on clients and the success of the organisation. ... The incoming consultants are assigned a Career Development Consultant (CDC) advisor, as they provide guidance to the clients in their project work and help them in their success. They also provide positive and/or negative feedback to the incumbents for their improvement. Therefore, the employees can grow skills by the opportunities from staffing. Consequently, the employees need to be proactive in building their skills. The training is also conducted for the professionals for qualitative and administrative purpose. The formal training helps the employees to improve their social skills, networking skills and becoming more familiar with the working environment of BCG. With an overall point of view, the on-job training is quite productive for the professionals. The BCG officers are assigned as informal mentors for incoming consultants and CDC advisors are the formal mentors. The mentors, who are selected for the incumbents, assist them to deal with several issues and stimulate their ski lls. There is no structured time for the mentors to talk to the consultants. From the first month of their joining up to 24th month, mentors discuss and try to explore various problems that may arise with the consultants in their work and workplace. 1.2. Weaknesses of Career Development and Mentorship Process BCG gives primary focus on handling the clients rather than the growth of the people. The promotion in the organisation is decided by the senior persons depending on the skills of the professionals and not by their time period in the job. Thus, biasness is most likely to arise in the workplace. There is a criterion of voluntary exit for the professionals during their on-job training period due to poor

Nursing Informatics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Nursing Informatics - Coursework Example Nurses must integrate the nursing informatics into their professional lives to enable them develop their nursing systems for specific needs such as in the psychiatry department. Restructuring of job descriptions helps the health workers perform their roles with great competence due to their specialization and advanced skills in their department. For instance, there are nurses involved with health education, mental health counseling, and occupation health among others. The long care support and services training facilitate knowledge to make sure that the patient receives high-quality service and promote the independence of individuals who are beneficiaries of the service. A performance appraisal for health care nurses is very important as rewarding them boosts their morale to provide high-quality services (Careeronestop.org, 2015). The nurse performance appraisal tools assist in determining the key areas of responsibility in which each nurse can perform perfectly. The techniques involve getting the information and rating each nurse with respect to the dedication and contribution to the organization, which helps to make judgments when promoting. The nursing s uch as the dressing code policy, confidentiality, and commitment policies are important in ensuring quality services for the patients. Some other professional guidelines are keeping short nails, avoiding the use of strong fragrances, and sometimes-personal cell phones are not around during the care for the patients. Electronic health records and use of computers is important for all health professionals, especially the nurses. Micron technology (MU) enables the use of charts to pass information such as patient preferred pharmacy prescriptions, which can be sent to the pharmacy after the patient is discharged. The other important part of the Mu that facilitates quality health services is the

Cipla Essay Example for Free

Cipla Essay

Hereford Plays series Essay Example for Free

Hereford Plays series Essay After the complex events of the scene before, Marco jumps in to try and regain his brothers dignity. This is his family and he cannot let Rodolpho be disgraced like that or be hurt; whether it was just a stagger or not, Eddie was out of order and Marco wont allow it. As Catherine and Rodolpho dance, Marco discusses a friendly challenge: Marco takes a chair and places it in front of Eddie. Eddie has to lift the chair as far up as he can with one hand holding it by the bottom of one leg. As Eddie kneels and grasps the leg he lifts it by an inch whereas when Marco tries it he lifts it all the way above his head. This simple action obviously had a motive behind it: to warn Eddie to lay off his brother but Eddie consciously knows that he wont give up that easily. Marco has shown that Eddie may think hes more of a man than Rodolpho but Marco is more of a man than Eddie; this event has generally shamed Eddie in his home, which is something this character feels very strongly about as the head of the household. The scene needs a sense of oppositon and competition. In order to emphasise what is to be a true test of strength, the onlookers (Rodolpho, Catherine and Beatrice) need to have complete awareness and support of Marcos triumph. In this scene you have to visually compare the failure of Eddie in comparison to the triumph of Marco. While Marco is lifting the chair he is struggling and the tension in his neck, face, arms and especially his facial expression is needed to portray not just victory of lifting the chair but the victory of putting Eddie to shame and gaining some respect for his brother. This scene is a turning point in the story because Eddie now knows that if he wants Rodolpho out of his life hell may have to take even more extreme measures and the battle has turned from not just putting Catherine off of Rodolpho but to get these immigrants out of his house. Its important for its visual impact on the audience because its dramatic actions of a fight for strength and self-dignity turns the whole generalisation of the story from a happy family get-together into a potential crime against his (Eddies) family and the Sicilian community (as quoted from synopsis/pri cis of the book). Its also important because it shows Marcos justified slyness; justified because he has dishonoured Eddie but only in retaliation to Eddie taking advantage of Rodolpho. As soon as Marco said Here and started to lift the chair it is the beginning of Eddies slowly increasing shame and disgrace. The victory celebration should idealistically be a smiled expression (from Marco) as if to imply to Eddie that no-one messes with his brother or else theyll answer to him. As director I would issue the following instructions: Catherine: youre enjoying your dance with Rodolpho and you are nai ve as to what might be going on with Eddie and Marco so keep off guard and treat the situation as though its just a bit of fun between them. Beatrice: you have realised that Eddie feels discomforted at the weak position that he has been put in; however you believed that he deserved it and you are just hoping that Eddie has learned his lesson and will not interfere again. Act supportive at his distress but dont destroy is ride by talking about it too much (as your character would naturally do) Eddie: you have to accept Marcos offer very boldly and confidently as Catherine might be watching and you dont want to back down now. Your facial expression has to show repressed rage at Marco; grind your teeth and be silent to keep your pride, you want everyone else in the room to feel that what has happened doesnt mean or prove anything so get on as though it didnt happen although youre still much aware of the damage that Marco has done Marco: you are proud of what you have accomplished but youre not going to look like a show off; if you win gracefully it will add to Eddies shame which is something you want to do. Your facial expression should say Im triumphant and taking it well In conclusion, Eddie cares about his family and the responsibilities that come with it. He was strict in the upbringing of Catherine and had the utmost respect for his wife. Even though he made a fool of himself and died just for his name (his dignity) we must recognise he had a strong and defiant will or view that was his own and that he fought to uphold, such as his primitive mans view that there must be a law that keeps Catherine from marrying Rodolpho because he is supposedly a homosexual. The bottom line is Eddie should have settled for half meaning he brought Catherine up and now it was time to let her go. So in the end, Eddie dies to keep his pride and his name but doesnt even gain the audiences admiration because his actions were unnecessary. As quoted by E. R. Wood, who wrote the introduction in the Hereford Plays series (1975) publication of A View From The Bridge, To be a tragic hero, you do not have to be in the right; you have to be true to yourself. So Eddie was guilty of destroying the lives of these immigrants and the only honourable way out was to die.

Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management

Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management Enablers and Inhibitors of Knowledge Management: Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management Introduction The information revolution has caused enterprises to realize the shift from resource economy of controlling land, machines, factories, raw materials, and labor forces to the knowledge economy of creating business value through utilization of intangible knowledge. This has caused â€Å"knowledge management† to be of crucial importance and it has grabbed peoples attention and generated significant discussions both in the academia and industry. The true creation of business value today mainly comes from knowledge and its management. Knowledge is critical in obtaining competitive advantage within an enterprise (Sang and Hong, 2002), enterprises should consider the knowledge to be a critical resource and leverage it judiciously (Gupta et al., 2000; Liebowitz, 2003). To facilitate the knowledge accumulation process, enterprises must encourage employees to share their experience and knowledge with others meanwhile accumulating their knowledge as an organizational asset. Therefore, th e activities of knowledge management should enable the creation, communication, and application of knowledge; and they should drive the capability of creating and retaining a greater value onto the core business competencies (Tiwana, 2001). The enterprise needs to build a framework for evaluating the implementation activities of knowledge management system to enhance the effectiveness for incorporating new experiences and information to nourish the contents and contexts of its knowledge. However, there are concerns about the enablers and inhibitors to implementing knowledge management for enterprises. The response to that concern is that there are broad and value studies related with the implementation of knowledge management (Barney, 1995; Nonaka et al., 2000; Ndlela and Toit, 2001; Tiwana, 2001, Lin and Tseng, 2005). For example, Barney (1995) demonstrated that before launch to implement knowledge management, the enterprise needs to solve four questions: 1. Where is the value of knowledge? 2. How does the firm develop and exploit the special characteristics of knowledge and find a niche to obtain greater competitiveness? 3. How does the firm avoid being imitated by other firms of its special characteristics of knowledge management? 4. How does the firm organize the exploitation of resources in order to implement knowledge management? In the process of carrying out knowledge management, enterprises have to face the varying conditions of corporate culture, workflow processes, and the integration of group members knowledge. They also need strong support from top management, because it is possible that during the process they will encounter resistance from employees. Enterprises also need to increase the usage of information technology in order to help the problem regarding the flow of information. Through the study of enablers and inhibitors this research not just tries to validate theory with reality, but it also hopes to provide a reference for academia as well as the business field and suggest critical success factors for knowledge management implementations. Wong, (2005) indicate that previous studies of CSFs for KM implementation have been heavily focused on large companies. This is because most of the early adopters and superior performers of KM were in fact large and multinational corporations. As such, existing factors are mainly large companies oriented, thereby reflecting their situations and needs. Directly applying these factors into the SMEs environment may not be sufficient without an understanding of their very own and specific conditions. Previous studies fall short of studying and identifying the CSFs from the SMEs perspective. They have not considered the features, characteristics and situations of smaller firms. Nor have they explored other factors, which could potentially be more important for SMEs when accomplishing KM. This paper evolves a model for critical success factors for Knowledge Management implementations in Small Medium Enterprises using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is an effective quantitative tool that helps to prioritize problems, issues or variables based on relevant criteria and alternatives. The applicability and usefulness of the AHP approach as a multi-criteria decision-making tool is well acknowledged in the management literature. The present work has adopted this tool for segregating a few critical aspects of Knowledge Management implementation from the inconsequential many, so that organizations could focus only on those dimensions that are crucial for their success instead of spending a large quantity of time, effort and resources in mindlessly concentrating on peripheral issues. Hence the objectives of this paper are two-fold: †¢ To identify the criteria for the AHP model with respect to issues relating to critical success factors for Knowledge Management implementations in SMEs †¢ To present an AHP framework for absolute measurement of priorities in order to critically evaluate the issues relating to critical success factors for Knowledge Management implementations in SMEs. Review of Literature Enablers to Knowledge Management As enterprises embark into managing their knowledge they need to be clear of the factors that influence knowledge management, which are known as knowledge management enablers. Because enablers are the driving force in carrying out knowledge management, they do not just generate knowledge in the organization by stimulating the creation of knowledge, but they also motivate the group members to share their knowledge and experiences with one another, allowing organizational knowledge to grow concurrently and systematically (Ichijo et al., 1998; Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). Knowledge management enablers are the mechanism for the organization to develop its knowledge and also stimulate an environment within the organization for the creation and protection of knowledge. They are also the necessary building blocks in the improvement of the effectiveness of activities for knowledge management (Ichijo et al., 1998; Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). In related research, knowledge management enablers include the methods of knowledge management, organizational structure, corporate culture, information technology, people, and strategies, etc. (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999; Arthur Anderson Business Consulting, 1999; Arthur Anderson and APQC, 1996; Zack, 1999; Davenport, 1997; Long, 1997). To meet the challenge of managing strategic knowledge resources, an organization should be able to assess its preconditions for successful KM and their impacts on KM performance (Gold et al., 2001). A study by Yu et al (2007) identified a set of critical enablers for developing organizational capabilities of KM. KM team activity, learning orientation, KM system quality, and KM reward were found to have a significant, positive influence on KM performance. Research done by Yeh et al. (2006) concludes that strategy and leadership, corporate culture, people, and information technology are four of the enablers in knowledge management. They found that for the strategy and leadership enabler the most important part is to obtain the support of the top managers. For the corporate culture enabler, the important part is the forming of a culture of sharing but needs to be supplemented by information technology. For the people enabler, other than the training courses, the channels of learning and the incentive program for the employees are also key factors. As for the information technology enabler, other than the digitalization of the documents, the speedy search of knowledge for its re-use is becoming more and more important. In practice they discovered that the â€Å"establishment of a dedicated unit† is also a key enabler, and this enabler mainly plays the role of furthering knowledge management, taking communication, and coordinating with other departments as its duty. Inhibitors to Knowledge Management The biggest inhibitor to knowledge management implementation arises from unwillingness of people to systematically organize their knowledge. Since, this cannot be solved with technology, different kinds of work are needed. Examples include the promotion of knowledge management amongst people, or requiring top management to give their people pressure to implement knowledge management (Yeh et al., 2006). Lin et al (2005) suggest inhibitors in implementing the Knowledge Management arise out of strategic, perception, planning and implementation issues. The results of their research reveal that: †¢ From the strategic aspect, the upper management should address the enterprises strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats, and then formulate a suitable KM strategy. Furthermore, they should be equipped with information about the activities and performance throughout the organization. †¢ From the perception aspect, the critical task of the top managers is to identify the core knowledge required to maintain competitive advantage. Employees and top managers work together for a common goal; thus, employee efforts can guarantee a successful implementation of the KMS. Therefore, an enterprise should provide suitable training and resources to the employees, and use information technology to provide a friendly repository to standardize and store knowledge. The enterprise should also es tablish an atmosphere emphasizing knowledge sharing and innovation and encouraging employees to form such a culture through a reward system. †¢ From the planning aspect, the action plan should include schedule, people involved and resources required, although it is difficult to transfer the necessary knowledge to the KM plan due to non-standardization. Employees orientation toward KM, including the awareness of the importance and benefits of KM and IT skills for KM process, should be completely addressed. Knowledge-oriented employee assessments can also fail if they are not linked closely to existing incentive systems. The company should take steps to build up the trust of the knowledge owners by associating knowledge sharing to pay and incentives. †¢ From the implementation aspect, a robust set of metrics that evaluates the value of the KMS after implementation will need to be developed. It is essential that the top managers instill in the employees the importance and ben efits of KM. Employees often fear that if they pass on their knowledge to others, they will endanger their own position, authority, even power in the organization. Training and communication are essential to calm down employees fears of change, and perhaps to help them to enjoy new ways of working with their colleagues. Thus, firms need to create the right circumstance around the organization, primarily in the areas of KM activities and culture. Jennex and Zakharova (2005) suggest a holistic approach that addresses critical elements such as an effective technological infrastructure; integrating the technology infrastructure into everyday processes; having an enterprise-wide knowledge structure or taxonomy; a knowledge management strategy; knowledge management metrics of success and identification of inhibitors of knowledge usage. Lang (2001) have identified several inhibitors to knowledge creation and utilization in organizations. First, there may be inadequate care of those organizational relationships that promote knowledge creation. Second, there may be insufficient linkage between knowledge management and corporate strategy. Thirdly, inaccurate valuation of the contribution that knowledge makes to corporations bottom line renders the value of knowledge management ambiguous. Fourthly, there may be a pervasive lack of holism in knowledge management efforts. Finally perhaps not something ordinarily considered a problem for managers to deal with -poor verbal skills may hinder the actual processes of knowledge creation. Plessis, (2007) feel that the management of the inhibitors to knowledge management would need to be a mix of cultural, organizational, process, management and technology initiatives. The challenge is to select and combine the methods and approaches available, and harness them to address the organizations business needs. Critical Success Factors for KM There is a need for a more systematic and deliberate study on the critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing KM. Organisations need to be cognizant and aware of the factors that will influence the success of a KM initiative. Ignorance and oversight of the enablers and inhibitors will likely hinder an organisations effort to realise its full benefit (Hung et al, 2005). Initially, KM appeared to be adopted only in large, multinational and international companies and hence, research work on CSFs has been largely centred on them. Most of these studies have not considered the differences of company size as well as the specific features of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that could affect KM. However, as it has now become a widely spread business discipline, it is no longer the concern of just large organisations. As asserted by Frey (2001), although major corporations have led the way in introducing and implementing KM, it is increasingly important for small businesses to manage their collective intellect. Okunoye and Karsten (2002) stated that KM has indeed become the underlying sources for successful organisations regardless of their size and geographical locations. Therefore, a better understanding of the CSFs for implementing it in SMEs is needed in order to ensure the success of their efforts. Wong, (2005) has grouped the critical success factors into a number of generic factors such as management leadership and support, culture, technology, strategy, measurement, roles and responsibilities, etc. These are common in KM efforts and therefore, they are also believed to be applicable to SMEs. He suggests that one should also consider the needs and situations of SMEs when developing CSFs for them.Wong, (2005) proposes a comprehensive model for implementing KM in SMEs. They are: †¢ management leadership and support; †¢ culture; †¢ IT; †¢ strategy and purpose; †¢ measurement; †¢ organisational infrastructure; †¢ processes and activities; †¢ motivational aids; †¢ resources; †¢ training and education; and †¢ HRM. What emerges from the review of literature is the following: ï  ¶ There are both enablers and inhibitors to knowledge management implementations in SMEs ï  ¶ Both enablers and inhibitors may be classified essentially into three broad categories human, technical and financial. ï  ¶ Critical Success Factors for KM implementations are different for SMEs from that of large organizations ï  ¶ Critical Success Factors also depend on the management of the enablers and the inhibitors Thus, it is beneficial for the SME to build a framework that would be used to prioritize the enablers and inhibitors to success. Therefore, we propose this AHP framework to the priorities for a SMEs initiative towards KM implementation. Framework for KM implementation Any successful managerial implementation requires management of enablers and the inhibitors. Similarly, in case of Knowledge Management as well it is important to manage the enablers and the inhibitors. From the review of literature a 3 level hierarchical model as shown in Figure 1 may be envisaged. At the root of the hierarchy the overall objective of a successful Knowledge Management implementation may be considered. Successful Knowledge Management implementation depends on two criteria enablers and inhibitors which are depicted as level 2 in the figure. As has been mentioned above these enablers and inhibitors can be classified in level 3 into technical, human and financial enablers (inhibitors). Figure 1: Framework for Successful Knowledge Management Implementation 4. METHODOLOGY Data Source: The research used both secondary and primary data. An extensive literature survey was undertaken, which helped in framing the questionnaire for the primary data collection. The focus of the study was on primary data. Research approach: The survey method was used for the study. Our primary data has been gathered using questionnaire technique. Our target population is all small firms in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India) with turnover ranging from Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 25 Crores and employment levels between 15 and 50 employees. Specifically, we are targeting the owners or top managers at these firms. For the purposes of this research, we used a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included 60 questions in two sections such as: [A] Enablers to Knowledge Management [B] Inhibitors to Knowledge Management Contact Method: The questionnaires were sent via email and were telephonically followed up. Sample Size: Amongst the 4263 companies (as per Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Prowess database) that belonged to the criteria in the entire country, 1039 such companies were located in the National Capital Region of Delhi, which included New Delhi, Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA. Due care has been taken to include only those companies that made the sample more representative thus, e-mail questionnaires were sent to 500 amongst these 1039 companies. 119 responses were received that formed the sample for the study. This is a 23.8% response rate, which is acceptable. Data Analysis: The data so collected were analyzed with the AHP techniques to arrive at weights. The AHP is a generic problem-solving approach that is used in making complex multi-criteria decisions based on variables that do not have exact numerical consequences. The decision problem is represented in the form of a hierarchical structure with the apex being the overall focus or objective, criteria at the middle and the decision alternatives at the bottom. Such a configuration represents the basic three-level model of AHP. Nevertheless, several levels like sub goals, sub criteria, scenarios etc. could be considered in the model depending on the construction of the decision problem (Saaty, 2000). It employs a qualitative methodology to decompose an unstructured problem into a systematic decision hierarchy. In the quantitative sense, it adopts a pair wise comparison to execute the consistency test to validate the consistency of responses. In short, AHP is a hierarchical representation of a system. A hierarchy is an abstraction of the structure of the system, consisting of several levels representing the decomposition of the overall objective to a set of clusters, sub-clusters, and so on down to the final level. Decomposing the complexity of a problem into different levels or components and synthesizing the relations of the components are the underlying concepts of AHP (Cheng and Li, 2001). 5. RESEARCH FINDINGS Wong , Kuan Yew, (2005), â€Å"Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises†, Industrial Management Data Systems Volume 105 Number 3 pp. 261-279 Frey, R.S. (2001), Knowledge management, proposal development, and small businesses, The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 20 No.1, pp.38-54 Okunoye, A., Karsten, H. (2002), Where the global needs the local: variation in enablers in the knowledge management process, Journal of Global Information Technology Management, Vol. 5 No.3, pp.12-31. Hung , Yu-Chung, Huang , Shi-Ming, Lin , Quo-Pin, Tsai , Mei-Ling, (2005), â€Å"Critical factors in adopting a knowledge management system for the pharmaceutical industry†, Industrial Management Data Systems, Volume 105 Number 2 pp. 164-183 Lang , Josephine Chinying (2001), â€Å"Managerial concerns in Knowledge management†, Journal of Knowledge Management Volume 5 . Number 1 . . pp. 43 ±57 Plessis , Marina du (2007),† Knowledge management: what makes complex implementations successful?, JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 11 NO. 2 2007, pp. 91-101 Jennex, M.E., Zakharova, I. (2005), Knowledge management critical success factors, available at: www.management.com.au/strategy/str110.html Lin , Chinho, Yeh, Jong-Mau, Tseng, Shu-Mei, (2005), † Case study on knowledge-management gaps†, Journal of Knowledge Management Volume 9 Number 3 pp. 36-50 Yeh , Ying-Jung, Lai, Sun-Quae, Ho, Chin-Tsang, (2006), â€Å"Knowledge management enablers: a case study†, Industrial Management Data Systems Volume 106 Number 6 pp. 793-810 Yu, Sung-Ho, Kim, Young-Gul, Kim, Min-Yong, (2007), â€Å"Do we know what really drives KM performance?, Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 11 Number 6 pp. 39-53 Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A., Segars, A.H. (2001), Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18 No.1, pp.185-214. Zack, M.H. (1999), Managing codified knowledge, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No.4, pp.45-57. Davenport, T.H. (1997), Ten principles of knowledge management and four case studies, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 4 No.3, pp.187-208. Long, D.D. (1997), Building the knowledge-based organizations: how culture drives knowledge behaviors, working paper of the Center for Business Innovation, Ernst Young LLP, Cambridge, MA, . Bennett, R., Gabriel, H. (1999), Organizational factors and knowledge management within large marketing departments: an empirical study, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.212-25. Ndlela, L.T., Toit, A.S.A. (2001), Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21 No.2, pp.151-65. Ichijo, K., Krough, G., Nonaka, I. (1998), Knowledge enablers, in Krogh, G., Roos, J. (Eds),Knowing in Firms, Sage, London, pp.173-203. Stonehouse, G.H., Pemberton, J.D. (1999), Learning and knowledge management in the intelligent organization, Participate Empowerment: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No.5, pp.131-44. Tiwana, A. (2001), The Knowledge Management Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building Knowle dge Management Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, . Liebowitz, J. (2003), Keynote paper: measuring the value of online communities, leading to innovation and learning, International Journal of Innovation and Learning, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.1-8. Gupta, B., Iyer, L.S., Aronson, J.E. (2000), Knowledge management: practices and challenges, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 100 No.1, pp.17-21. Saaty T. L. (2000), Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the AHP, 2nd edn. RWS, Pittsburg PA Cheng, E.W.L. and Li, H. (2001), ‘‘Analytic hierarchy process: an approach to determine measures for business performance, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 30-6. Sang, M.L., Hong, S. (2002), An enterprise-wide knowledge management system infrastructure, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 102 No.1, pp.17-25. Arthur Anderson and The American Productivity and Quality Center (1996), The Knowledge Management Assessment Tool: External Benchmarking Version, Arthur Anderson/APQC, Chicago, IL, . Arthur Anderson Business Consulting (1999), Zukai Knowledge Management, TOKYO Keizai, Inc., Tokyo, . Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., Konno, N. (2000), SECI, ba and leadership: a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation, Long Range Planning, Vol. 33 No.1, pp.5-34 Barney, J. (1995), Looking inside for competitive advantage, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 9 No.4, pp.49-61. Lin, Chinho, Tseng, Shu-Mei, (2005), â€Å"The implementation gaps for the knowledge management system†, Industrial Management Data Systems Volume 105 Number 2 2005 pp. 208-222

Hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism Essay -- Gonzo Journalism Argum

Hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism In the late sixties a young journalist and free-lance novelist named Hunter S. Thompson (HST) emerged with a new, crazed and exaggerated brand of reporting. It was sooner or later referred to as â€Å"Gonzo†. HST’s own definition of gonzo has varied over the years, but he still maintains that a good gonzo journalist â€Å"needs the talent of a master journalist, the eye of an artist/photographer and the heavy balls of an actor† and that gonzo is a â€Å"style of reporting based on William Faulkner’s idea that the best fiction is far more true than any kind of journalism†(Carroll, page 192). Gonzo journalism has also been referred to as outlaw journalism, new journalism, alternative journalism, literary cubism, and other words better not repeated here. With such high profile stages for his writings in Rolling Stone Magazine, The San Francisco Chronicle, Esquire and Vanity Fair, HST has proven that his exaggerated gonzo journalism is as relevan t (or even more so) than that of conventional journalists. In this essay, the concept and development of gonzo journalism and its relevance to media and reporting will be thoroughly explored. Dr Hunter S. Thompson is a man of great wit and charisma. He is 6’2† tall, and, due to the fact that one leg is longer than the other, he tends to bob back and forth. He is apparently always thirsty, and his favorite drinks are known to be Wild Turkey and Chivas Regal. Besides being a writer and failed politician, HST is also a collector of peacocks and guns. HST is also happily divorced with one son, Juan. Dr Thompson’s journalism career began in the daily columns of small town newspapers, but because of differences in personality, opinion and style, he did... ...elevant as any other anchorman’s daily news report. Bibliography Carrol, Jean E. Hunter: The Strange and Savage life of Hunter S. Thompson. New York: Plume, 1993 Thompson, Hunter S. The Great Shark Hunt. New York: Fawcett Popular Library, 1980 Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. New York: Vintage Books, July 1989 Thompson, Hunter S. Songs of the Doomed: More Notes on the Death of the American Dream. New York: Summit, 1990 Thompson, Hunter S. Better Than Sex: Confessions of a Political Junkie. New York: Ballantine, 1994 Thompson, Hunter S. Generation Swine: Tales of Shame and Degradation in the ‘80’s. New York: Summit, 1988 Thompson, Hunter S. The Curse of Lono. New York: Bantam, 1983 Wolfe, Tom: The New Journalism. New York: Harper & Row, 1973

Bette Howlands Criticism of Henry Jamess Washington Square :: Henry James Washington Square

Bette Howland's Criticism of Henry James's Washington Square Bette Howland, in her criticism of Henry James's Washington Square, focuses on two different aspects of the story's development. She begins by impressing on the reader how Henry James himself viewed his creation and then plunges into the history behind the plot. In doing this, she describes how Henry James has used irony to make this story his own creation. Half way through the article she changes directions and shows how Washington Square is the forerunner of his other novels. She describes how they all have the same basic plot. According to Bette Howland, Henry James never cared for his novel Washington Square. He refers to it as "A poorish thing" and "a tale purely American" (1). In fact, when he compiled his stories in his New York Edition he omitted this story from its pages. He claimed that, "I've tried to read over Washington Square and I can't and I fear it must go" (1). Ms. Howland claims that it is "a fitting irony. You might say that like Dr. Sloper in the novel, James disinherited his heroine, he cut her out of his will" (1). The author of the criticism then focuses on how Henry James received the anecdote that he would transform into his novel. Henry James twists the basic story into his own work by way of irony. Dr. Sloper is at the center of James's irony. While Dr. Sloper criticizes Catherine as a simpleton who is "ugly and overdressed" (3) he states, "I expect nothing . . . so that if she gives me a surprise, it will be all clear gain. If she doesn't, it will be no loss" (3). This is ironical because he himself played a part in her creation. Bette Howland states that while Washington Square may lack the 'supersubtle' nuances of Henry James' future novels, it "offers his irony at its most efficient. The novel is a system of ironies a closed system. . . James is always doing two things at once. Except for Catherine, the characters are always describing themselves and each other . . . and everything they say cuts both ways" (5). Bette Howland also examines the similarities present between Washington Square and The Portrait of a Lady, The Wings of the Dove, and The Golden Bowl. In the four novels, Henry James uses his favorite configuration of a triangle.

Siddhartha Essay -- Essays Papers

Siddhartha In the novel Siddhartha by Herman Hesse, the main character experiences many ups and downs while on his journey to inner peace. First, he decides to live his life as a Samana. Later he abandons that life in return for a life as a rich man. In the end he decides that his rich life is unsatisfying and he begins the simple life of a ferryman. Herman Hesse writes about what it takes to obtain inner peace through his character Siddhartha. Siddhartha decides the way to obtain peace is by living like a Samana. Tomorrow at daybreak I will begin the life of the Samanas. (Pg 10) Siddhartha rids his life of all the things he doesn't need. Then he learns how to control his inner self, but is unable to gain inner peace. He meets a young girl named Kamala, and this mak...

Iroquois Clan – Essay

Iroquois Clan ANT 101 December 5, 2011 There are many different cultures, each having their own values, and rules. The Iroquois are an association of several tribes, of indigenous people of North America. The Iroquois have many different ways about their way of living such as rules involving marriage. What contributes to the way an Iroquois react and think? Is it kinship, religion, and beliefs, or is it something else? The Iroquois have a very well-known culture. Iroquois are indigenous tribes across North America. The Iroquois lived in longhouse, which are structures made to house the whole family in different sections (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Matrilocal, or post marital residency, was when the husband moved to live with the wife’s community (Nowak & Laird, 2010). In the Iroquois the eldest woman in her matrilineage had the most influence in decision making, and distributing the resources and property (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Iroquois selection of marital partners are chosen by kinship because, Iroquois marriage must be exogamous, meaning marring outside their lineage and clan (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Iroquois kinship program only recognizes two groups: The first is parents and siblings, which are too closely related to marry. The second group is potential spouses and in-laws (Nowak & Laird, 2010). In the Iroquois it is considered wrong to marry parallel cousins because they are too closely related. On the other hand cross cousin marriage is accepted and encouraged (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The Handsome lake religion combined traditional Haudenosaunee religious beliefs with a revised code meant to bring consciousness to the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, after a long period of cultural disintegration ollowing colonization. The Iroquois people believed that spirits changed the seasons. Key festivals coincided with the major events of the agricultural calendar, including a harvest festival of thanksgiving. After the arrival of the Europeans, many Iroquois became Christians. The Code of handsome lake outlawed drunkenness, witchcraft, sexual promiscuity, wife beating, quarreling, abortion, gay marriage, single parents and gambling. The Iroquois men were propositional on a balanced reciprocity. Iroquois could only trade with other tribes in the Iroquois confederacy. Items traded included surplus corn and tobacco, fur pelts, and wampum. Later, Iroquois received implements including guns and metal axes from the British, which made their work easier (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Their culture is matriarchal- they trace lines through Clan Mothers. This is in direct contrast to European society, especially at time of contact. Europeans were paternalistic- the fathers line. This would cause different reactions from other kinships. The Iroquois people have a lot of the same values, beliefs, and rules, as many Americans living in the current century. In my culture, it is not acceptable to marry close relatives including first cousins. The handsome lake religion is very much similar to the Christian religion. Kinship impacts almost each and every one of these behaviors. Iroquois have a very understandable and compatible way of living. But what makes them think and act the way that they do? I would have to say that the religion is a main point in the actions and reactions of the Iroquois. The other major point would be the matriarchal tracing of the clans. Nowak, B. & Laird, P. (2010) Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education Inc. Retrieved from: https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUANT101. 10. 2/sections/copyright Your paper is well developed and follows the APA guidelines correctly. Your paper is well written with an effective analysis. You have addressed the topic and assignment. Your grammar is correct with well-constructed sentences. Your conclusion could be improved. Good job! You received 9/10 points for this assignment.

Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: HIV

Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases HIV or the Human Deficiency virus is like other viruses including the flu, but the one thing that makes this virus so different than any other is that the body is unable to clear this one out completely. Once someone is infected, there is no cure. Over time, HIV can also hide or mask itself in the body's cells. The cells within a person's body that fght off infection are called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV attacks these cells and copies or replicates itself inside these cells, then destroys them.HIV over time will estroy so many of these cells that the body is unable to fght off infection anymore. When this starts happening, AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome happens which is the final stage of HIV. HIV is transmitted through someone's blood or bodily fluids which can encompass semen, breast milk, vaginal fluids, and rectal mucous (AIDS. GOV, 2013) and usually it is passed from one person to another through sexual contact; however, HIV can al so be transmitted through childbirth or IV drug use. Healthcare workers are also at risk from infected bodily fluids.Fluids from an nfected person can deliver the virus to someone else's bloodstream. Within 2-4 weeks, and up to as late as 3 months, exposure to HIV can happen with a sudden onset of flu like symptoms including fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes or ulcers in the mouth (CDC, 2013). Sometimes no signs or symptoms of infection are present in someone with HIV. Certain individuals may feel sick as HIV turns into AIDS or have occasional bouts of sickness, but not really know or feel they are infected.When HIV progresses to HIV, he flu like sign and symptoms mentioned earlier can become far more severe. Many of the complications stemming from HIV are opportunistic infections, which happen in patients with a weakened immune system (CDC, 2013). â€Å"Some of these opportunistic infections include tuberculosis, salmonellos is, cytomeglaovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporiosis, Wasting Syndrome, neurological problems, and kidney disease (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Specific skin cancers including Kaposi's Sarcoma and lymphomas also happen in patients who are HIV positive† (Mayo Clinic, 2013).Antivirals are the treatment for HIV and presently there is no known cure. Treatment most often involves combinations of different drugs to avoid creating strains of the virus that are immune to single drug treatments (Mayo Clinic, 2013). The number of CD4 or T cells monitors treatment response. The viral load should be undetectable while undergoing antiviral therapy. The count is checked when treatment starts and usually monitored every 3-6 months. Even if someone has an undetectable viral load, the spreading of HIV is still a possibility.According to estimates and numbers provided by the CDC, about one and half million people 13 years of age and younger is HIV positive. Demograph ics also show that almost 20% of people who are infected do not know they have the virus. The CDC estimates that now every year, there are about 50,000 new cases diagnosed (2013). At risk groups include gay men, bisexual people, and African Americans (CDC, ) Young Atrican American males are at greatest risk tor contracting HIV among various ethnicities and races (CDC, 2013).An individual's risk for HIV or social determinants of health related to HIV is income, education, geographic region, overty, gender orientation, early childhood experiences, and alcohol or substance abuse. The CDC states, â€Å"that by reducing the number od new HIV infections and improving the health and well-being of those already infected with HIV depends on changing the social determinants that place people at risk of infection† (CDC, 2-13). The epidemiological triangle of HIV consists of three things: the person, the causative agent, or the environment (Smith, 169).The causative agent that causes AID S is HIV or the virus itself. The host is a person in the case of HIV and the environment is the either the host or the agent, but a factor that influences interaction between the two. The epidemiological triangle consists of three things: the person, the causative agent, or the environment (Smith, 169). In the triangle for HIV, the agent that causes AIDS is HIV or the virus. The host is a person in the case of HIV. The environment is neither the host nor the agent, but something that influences interaction between the two (Smith, 169).The host factors for HIV include age, sex, ethnic background, race, sexual orientation, education, and economic status (Smith, 169). The agent actors or causative agent for HIV are the virus itself and the mode of transmission, life cycle and virulence of the virus (Smith, 169). The environmental factors for HIV include social and economic considerations including family, community, political organization, public policy, regulations, institutions, wor kplace, occupation, economic status, technology, mobility, housing population density, attitudes, customs, culture, health practices, health services (Smith 169-170).A community health nurse with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS would work in a community or public health setting, educating t risk groups about safe sex practices and the dangers of sharing needles. Ideally, the nurse would connect patients to support groups and services, teach patients or people in the community about the prevention of the spreading of the disease, and help administer treatments and medications. Some important issues that nurses are bringing to the forefront in todays world include implementing strategies to keep HIV patients engaged in routine HIV medical and nursing care, incorporating prevention research findings to help reduce transmission locally and globally, carrying out outine HIV testing in health care settings, ensuring access to antiretroviral drugs, and preparing for emerging issues in HIV care suc h as diabetes, liver disease, obesity and elder care† (Kirton, 2007, p. 8). The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is a national organization that channels a portion of its funds to the international financing for he fght against HIV and AIDS. It also gives funds to strengthening health systems, as most are inadequate to educate and inform communities and people about the prevention of HIV. Programs supported by the Global Fund give to communities with lifesaving ntiviral therapies and counseling on the prevention of the virus.

The Host Chapter 24: Tolerated

It was true that I did not smell good. I'd lost count of how many days I'd spent here-was it more than a week now? more than two?-and all of them sweating into the same clothes I'd worn on my disastrous desert trek. So much salt had dried into my cotton shirt that it was creased into rigid accordion wrinkles. It used to be pale yellow; now it was a splotchy, diseased-looking print in the same dark purple color as the cave floor. My short hair was crunchy and gritty; I could feel it standing out in wild tangles around my head, with a stiff crest on top, like a cockatoo's. I hadn't seen my face recently, but I imagined it in two shades of purple: cave-dirt purple and healing-bruise purple. So I could understand Jeb's point-yes, I needed a bath. And a change of clothes as well, to make the bath worth the effort. Jeb offered me some of Jamie's clothes to wear while mine dried, but I didn't want to ruin Jamie's few things by stretching them. Thankfully, he didn't try to offer me anything of Jared's. I ended up with an old but clean flannel shirt of Jeb's that had the sleeves ripped off, and a pair of faded, holey cutoff sweatpants that had gone unclaimed for months. These were draped over my arm-and a bumpy mound of vile-smelling, loosely molded chunks that Jeb claimed was homemade cactus soap was in my hand-as I followed Jeb to the room with the two rivers. Again we were not alone, and again I was miserably disappointed that this was the case. Three men and one woman-the salt-and-pepper braid-were filling buckets with water from the smaller stream. A loud splashing and laughing echoed from the bathing room. â€Å"We'll just wait our turn,† Jeb told me. He leaned against the wall. I stood stiffly beside him, uncomfortably conscious of the four pairs of eyes on me, though I kept my own on the dark hot spring rushing by underneath the porous floor. After a short wait, three women exited the bathing room, their wet hair dripping down the backs of their shirts-the athletic caramel-skinned woman, a young blonde I didn't remember seeing before, and Melanie's cousin Sharon. Their laughter stopped abruptly as soon as they caught sight of us. â€Å"Afternoon, ladies,† Jeb said, touching his forehead as if it were the brim of a hat. â€Å"Jeb,† the caramel woman acknowledged dryly. Sharon and the other girl ignored us. â€Å"Okay, Wanda,† he said when they'd passed. â€Å"It's all yours.† I gave him a glum look, then made my way carefully into the black room. I tried to remember how the floor went-I was sure I had a few feet before the edge of the water. I took off my shoes first, so that I could feel for the water with my toes. It was just so dark. I remembered the inky appearance of the pool-ripe with suggestions of what might lurk beneath its opaque surface-and shuddered. But the longer I waited, the longer I would have to be here, so I put the clean clothes next to my shoes, kept the smelly soap, and shuffled forward carefully until I found the lip of the pool. The water was cool compared to the steamy air of the outer cavern. It felt nice. That didn't keep me from being terrified, but I could still appreciate the sensation. It had been a long time since anything had been cool. Still fully dressed in my dirty clothes, I waded in waist deep. I could feel the stream's current swirl around my ankles, hugging the rock. I was glad the water was not stagnant-it would be upsetting to sully it, filthy as I was, if that were the case. I crouched down into the ink until I was immersed to my shoulders. I ran the coarse soap over my clothes, thinking this would be the easiest way to make sure they were clean. Where the soap touched my skin, it burned mildly. I took off the soapy clothes and scrubbed them under the water. Then I rinsed them again and again until there was no way any of my sweat or tears could have survived, wrung them out, and laid them on the floor beside where I thought my shoes were. The soap burned more strongly against my bare skin, but the sting was bearable because it meant I could be clean again. When I was done lathering, my skin prickled everywhere and my scalp felt scalded. It seemed as if the places where the bruises had formed were more sensitive than the rest of me-they must still have been there. I was happy to put the acidic soap on the rock floor and rinse my body again and again, the way I had my clothes. It was with a strange mingling of relief and regret that I sloshed my way out of the pool. The water was very pleasant, as was the feeling of clean, if prickling, skin. But I'd had quite enough of the blindness and the things I could imagine into the darkness. I felt around until I found the dry clothes, then I pulled them quickly on and shoved my water-wrinkled feet into my shoes. I carried my wet clothes in one hand and the soap gingerly between two fingers of the other. Jeb laughed when I emerged; his eyes were on the soap in my cautious grasp. â€Å"Smarts a bit, don't it? We're trying to fix that.† He held out his hand, protected by the tail of his shirt, and I placed the soap in it. I didn't answer his question because we weren't alone; there was a line waiting silently behind him-five people, all of them from the field turning. Ian was first in line. â€Å"You look better,† he told me, but I couldn't tell from his tone if he was surprised or annoyed that I did. He raised one arm, extending his long, pale fingers toward my neck. I flinched away, and he dropped his hand quickly. â€Å"Sorry about that,† he muttered. Did he mean for scaring me now or for marking up my neck in the first place? I couldn't imagine that he was apologizing for trying to kill me. Surely he still wanted me dead. But I wasn't going to ask. I started walking, and Jeb fell into step behind me. â€Å"So, today wasn't that bad,† Jeb said as we walked through the dark corridor. â€Å"Not that bad,† I murmured. After all, I hadn't been murdered. That was always a plus. â€Å"Tomorrow will be even better,† he promised. â€Å"I always enjoy planting-seeing the miracle of the little dead-looking seeds having so much life in them. Makes me feel like a withered old guy might have some potential left in him. Even if it's only to be fertilizer.† Jeb laughed at his joke. When we got to the big garden cavern, Jeb took my elbow and steered me east rather than west. â€Å"Don't try to tell me you're not hungry after all that digging,† he said. â€Å"It's not my job to provide room service. You're just going to have to eat where everyone else eats.† I grimaced at the floor but let him lead me to the kitchen. It was a good thing the food was exactly the same thing as always, because if, miraculously, a filet mignon or a bag of Cheetos had materialized, I wouldn't have been able to taste a thing. It took all my concentration just to make myself swallow-I hated to make even that small sound in the dead silence that followed my appearance. The kitchen wasn't crowded, just ten people lounging against the counters, eating their tough rolls and drinking their watery soup. But I killed all conversation again. I wondered how long things could last like this. The answer was exactly four days. It also took me that long to understand what Jeb was up to, what the motivation was behind his switch from the courteous host to the curmudgeonly taskmaster. The day after turning the soil I spent seeding and irrigating the same field. It was a different group of people than the day before; I imagined there was some kind of rotation of the chores here. Maggie was in this group, and the caramel-skinned woman, but I didn't learn her name. Mostly everyone worked in silence. The silence felt unnatural-a protest against my presence. Ian worked with us, when it was clearly not his turn, and this bothered me. I had to eat in the kitchen again. Jamie was there, and he kept the room from total silence. I knew he was too sensitive not to notice the awkward hush, but he deliberately ignored it, seeming to pretend that he and Jeb and I were the only people in the room. He chattered about his day in Sharon's class, bragging a little about some trouble he'd gotten into for speaking out of turn, and complaining about the chores she'd given him as punishment. Jeb chastised him halfheartedly. They both did a very good job of acting normal. I had no acting ability. When Jamie asked me about my day, the best I could do was stare intently at my food and mumble one-word answers. This seemed to make him sad, but he didn't push me. At night it was a different story-he wouldn't let me stop talking until I begged to be allowed to sleep. Jamie had reclaimed his room, taking Jared's side of the bed and insisting that I take his. This was very much as Melanie remembered things, and she approved of the arrangement. Jeb did, too. â€Å"Saves me the trouble of finding someone to play guard. Keep the gun close and don't forget it's there,† he told Jamie. I protested again, but both the man and the boy refused to listen to me. So Jamie slept with the gun on the other side of his body from me, and I fretted and had nightmares about it. The third day of chores, I worked in the kitchen. Jeb taught me how to knead the coarse bread dough, how to lay it out in round lumps and let it rise, and, later on, how to feed the fire in the bottom of the big stone oven when it was dark enough to let the smoke out. In the middle of the afternoon, Jeb left. â€Å"I'm gonna get some more flour,† he muttered, playing with the strap that held the gun to his waist. The three silent women who kneaded alongside us didn't look up. I was up to my elbows in the sticky dough, but I started to scrape it off so I could follow him. Jeb grinned, flashed a look at the unobserving women, and shook his head at me. Then he spun around and dashed out of the room before I could free myself. I froze there, no longer breathing. I stared at the three women-the young blonde from the bathing room, the salt-and-pepper braid, and the heavy-lidded mother-waiting for them to realize that they could kill me now. No Jeb, no gun, my hands trapped in the gluey dough-nothing to stop them. But the women kept on kneading and shaping, not seeming to realize this glaring truth. After a long, breathless moment, I started kneading again, too. My stillness would probably alert them to the situation sooner than if I kept working. Jeb was gone for an eternity. Perhaps he had meant that he needed to grind more flour. That seemed like the only explanation for his endless absence. â€Å"Took you long enough,† the salt-and-pepper-braid woman said when he got back, so I knew it wasn't just my imagination. Jeb dropped a heavy burlap sack to the floor with a deep thud. â€Å"That's a lot of flour there. You try carryin' it, Trudy.† Trudy snorted. â€Å"I imagine it took a lot of rest stops to get it this far.† Jeb grinned at her. â€Å"It sure did.† My heart, which had been thrumming like a bird's for the entire episode, settled into a less frantic rhythm. The next day we were cleaning mirrors in the room that housed the cornfield. Jeb told me this was something they had to do routinely, as the combination of humidity and dust caked the mirrors until the light was too dim to feed the plants. It was Ian, working with us again, who scaled the rickety wooden ladder while Jeb and I tried to keep the base steady. It was a difficult task, given Ian's weight and the homemade ladder's poor balance. By the end of the day, my arms were limp and aching. I didn't even notice until we were done and heading for the kitchen that the improvised holster Jeb always wore was empty. I gasped out loud, my knees locking like a startled colt's. My body tottered to a halt. â€Å"What's wrong, Wanda?† Jeb asked, too innocent. I would have answered if Ian hadn't been right beside him, watching my strange behavior with fascination in his vivid blue eyes. So I just gave Jeb a wide-eyed look of mingled disbelief and reproach, and then slowly began walking beside him again, shaking my head. Jeb chuckled. â€Å"What's that about?† Ian muttered to Jeb, as if I were deaf. â€Å"Beats me,† Jeb said; he lied as only a human could, smooth and guileless. He was a good liar, and I began to wonder if leaving the gun behind today, and leaving me alone yesterday, and all this effort forcing me into human company was his way of getting me killed without doing the job himself. Was the friendship all in my head? Another lie? This was my fourth day eating in the kitchen. Jeb, Ian, and I walked into the long, hot room-into a crowd of humans chatting in low voices about the day's events-and nothing happened. Nothing happened. There was no sudden silence. No one paused to stare daggers at me. No one seemed to notice us at all. Jeb steered me to an empty counter and then went to get enough bread for three. Ian lounged next to me, casually turning to the girl on his other side. It was the young blonde-he called her Paige. â€Å"How are things going? How are you holding up with Andy gone?† he asked her. â€Å"I'd be fine if I weren't so worried,† she told him, biting her lip. â€Å"He'll be home soon,† Ian assured her. â€Å"Jared always brings everyone home. He's got a real talent. We've had no accidents, no problems since he showed up. Andy will be fine.† My interest sparked when he mentioned Jared-and Melanie, so somnolent these days, stirred-but Ian didn't say anything else. He just patted Paige's shoulder and turned to take his food from Jeb. Jeb sat next to me and surveyed the room with a deep sense of satisfaction plain on his face. I looked around the room, too, trying to see what he saw. This must have been what it was usually like here, when I wasn't around. Only today I didn't seem to bother them. They must have been tired of letting me interrupt their lives. â€Å"Things are settling down,† Ian commented to Jeb. â€Å"Knew they would. We're all reasonable folks here.† I frowned to myself. â€Å"That's true, at the moment,† Ian said, laughing. â€Å"My brother's not around.† â€Å"Exactly,† Jeb agreed. It was interesting to me that Ian counted himself among the reasonable folks. Had he noticed that Jeb was unarmed? I was burning with curiosity, but I couldn't risk pointing it out in case he hadn't. The meal continued as it had begun. My novelty had apparently worn off. When the meal was over, Jeb said I deserved a rest. He walked me all the way to my door, playing the gentleman again. â€Å"Afternoon, Wanda,† he said, tipping his imaginary hat. I took a deep breath for bravery. â€Å"Jeb, wait.† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Jeb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated, trying to find a polite way to put it. â€Å"I†¦ well, maybe it's stupid of me, but I sort of thought we were friends.† I scrutinized his face, looking for any change that might indicate that he was about to lie to me. He only looked kind, but what did I know of a liar's tells? â€Å"Of course we are, Wanda.† â€Å"Then why are you trying to get me killed?† His furry brows pulled together in surprise. â€Å"Now, why would you think that, honey?† I listed my evidence. â€Å"You didn't take the gun today. And yesterday you left me alone.† Jeb grinned. â€Å"I thought you hated that gun.† I waited for an answer. â€Å"Wanda, if I wanted you dead, you wouldn't have lasted that first day.† â€Å"I know,† I muttered, starting to feel embarrassed without understanding why. â€Å"That's why it's all so confusing.† Jeb laughed cheerfully. â€Å"No, I don't want you dead! That's the whole point, kid. I've been getting them all used to seeing you around, getting them to accept the situation without realizing it. It's like boiling a frog.† My forehead creased at the eccentric comparison. Jeb explained. â€Å"If you throw a frog in a pot of boiling water, it will hop right out. But if you put that frog in a pot of tepid water and slowly warm it, the frog doesn't figure out what's going on until it's too late. Boiled frog. It's just a matter of working by slow degrees.† I thought about that for a second-remembered how the humans had ignored me at lunch today. Jeb had gotten them used to me. The realization made me feel strangely hopeful. Hope was a silly thing in my situation, but it seeped into me anyway, coloring my perceptions more brightly than before. â€Å"Jeb?† â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Am I the frog or the water?† He laughed. â€Å"I'll leave that one for you to puzzle over. Self-examination is good for the soul.† He laughed again, louder this time, as he turned to leave. â€Å"No pun intended.† â€Å"Wait-can I ask one more?† â€Å"Sure. I'd say it's your turn anyway, after all I've asked you.† â€Å"Why are you my friend, Jeb?† He pursed his lips for a second, considering his answer. â€Å"You know I'm a curious man,† he began, and I nodded. â€Å"Well, I get to watch your souls a lot, but I never get to talk with 'em. I've had so many questions just piling up higher and higher†¦ Plus, I've always thought that if a person wants to, he can get along with just about anybody. I like putting my theories to the test. And see, here you are, one of the nicest gals I ever met. It's real interesting to have a soul as a friend, and it makes me feel super special that I've managed it.† He winked at me, bowed from the waist, and walked away. Just because I now understood Jeb's plan, it didn't make things easier when he escalated it. He never took the gun anywhere anymore. I didn't know where it was, but I was grateful that Jamie wasn't sleeping with it, at least. It made me a little nervous to have Jamie with me unprotected, but I decided he was actually in less danger without the gun. No one would feel the need to hurt him when he wasn't a threat. Besides, no one came looking for me anymore. Jeb started sending me on little errands. Run back to the kitchen for another roll, he was still hungry. Go fetch a bucket of water, this corner of the field was dry. Pull Jamie out of his class, Jeb needed to speak with him. Were the spinach sprouts up yet? Go and check. Did I remember my way through the south caves? Jeb had a message for Doc. Every time I had to carry out one of these simple directives, I was in a sweaty haze of fear. I concentrated on being invisible and walked as quickly as I could without running through the big rooms and the dark corridors. I tended to hug the walls and keep my eyes down. Occasionally, I would stop conversation the way I used to, but mostly I was ignored. The only time I felt in immediate danger of death was when I interrupted Sharon's class to get Jamie. The look Sharon gave me seemed designed to be followed by hostile action. But she let Jamie go with a nod after I choked out my whispered request, and when we were alone, he held my shaking hand and told me Sharon looked the same way at anyone who interrupted her class. The very worst was the time I had to find Doc, because Ian insisted on showing me the way. I could have refused, I suppose, but Jeb didn't have a problem with the arrangement, and that meant Jeb trusted Ian not to kill me. I was far from comfortable with testing that theory, but it seemed the test was inevitable. If Jeb was wrong to trust Ian, then Ian would find his opportunity soon enough. So I went with Ian through the long black southern tunnel as if it were a trial by fire. I lived through the first half. Doc got his message. He seemed unsurprised to see Ian tagging along beside me. Perhaps it was my imagination, but I thought they exchanged a significant glance. I half expected them to strap me to one of Doc's gurneys at that point. These rooms continued to make me feel nauseated. But Doc just thanked me and sent me on my way as if he were busy. I couldn't really tell what he was doing-he had several books open and stacks and stacks of papers that seemed to contain nothing but sketches. On the way back, curiosity overcame my fear. â€Å"Ian?† I asked, having a bit of difficulty saying the name for the first time. â€Å"Yes?† He sounded surprised that I'd addressed him. â€Å"Why haven't you killed me yet?† He snorted. â€Å"That's direct.† â€Å"You could, you know. Jeb might be annoyed, but I don't think he'd shoot you.† What was I saying? It sounded like I was trying to convince him. I bit my tongue. â€Å"I know,† he said, his tone complacent. It was quiet for a moment, just the sounds of our footsteps echoing, low and muffled, from the tunnel walls. â€Å"It doesn't seem fair,† Ian finally said. â€Å"I've been thinking about it a lot, and I can't see how killing you would make anything right. It would be like executing a private for a general's war crimes. Now, I don't buy all of Jeb's crazy theories-it would be nice to believe, sure, but just because you want something to be true doesn't make it that way. Whether he's right or wrong, though, you don't appear to mean us any harm. I have to admit, you seem honestly fond of that boy. It's very strange to watch. Anyway, as long as you don't put us in danger, it seems†¦ cruel to kill you. What's one more misfit in this place?† I thought about the word misfit for a moment. It might have been the truest description of me I'd ever heard. Where had I ever fit in? How strange that Ian, of all the humans, should have such a surprisingly gentle interior. I didn't realize that cruelty would seem a negative to him. He waited in silence while I considered all this. â€Å"If you don't want to kill me, then why did you come with me today?† I asked. He paused again before answering. â€Å"I'm not sure that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hesitated. â€Å"Jeb thinks things have calmed down, but I'm not completely sure about that. There're still a few people†¦ Anyway, Doc and I have been trying to keep an eye on you when we can. Just in case. Sending you down the south tunnel seemed like pushing your luck, to me. But that's what Jeb does best-he pushes luck as far as it will go.† â€Å"You†¦ you and Doc are trying to protect me?† â€Å"Strange world, isn't it?† It was a few seconds before I could answer. â€Å"The strangest,† I finally agreed.

Interaction and Communication Essay

1. Understand the factors that can affect interaction and communication of individuals with dementia Explain how physical and mental health factors may need to be consider when communicating with an individual who has dementia. There are many factors to consider such as pain, pain can cause misunderstandings as individuals may be in so much discomfort they cannot what they want and how they are feeling. Depression can closely link with dementia and sometimes are mistaken for one another, if a resident has depression they may not want to communicate with other people which may force them to become more secluded and withdrawn unless correct help is introduced. Non-verbal communication may be present with some individuals; this is a factor to be considered. Non-verbal may be in the form of gestures, facial expressions and touch this is important for people with dementia who have lost or are losing their language skills. Mental health factors can be linked to aggression, if a resident can cause harm to self or others changes the way we approach that person. Describe how to support diffe rent communication abilities and needs of an individual with dementia who has sensory impairment. Sensory impairment could come in the form of loss of hearing or sight or partial loss of these factors. Ways to support these impairments could be the environment, background noise could be a factor which makes communication difficult for an individual they may find it hard to hear you talk or unable to communicate. Lighting may affect communication if a pace is too bright or not well lit then it may confuse a resident as they are unable to see and concentrate on what is being said. Is there any other distractions around that could confuse the service user such as music or activities full concentration may be needed. Sensory impairment may require the use of non verbal communication, gestures or facial expressions may help with what is being said. Other non-verbal may be the use of pictures or photographs to convey questions. If a person is deaf and contracted this at an early age they may need the use of sign language or if English s not a first language the use of an interpreter. W hen talking to someone who is impaired and living with dementia we must talk at a slower pace, used short simple sentences and speak clearly. 2.be able to  communicate with an individual with dementia using a range of verbal and non-verbal techniques. Read more:  Role of Communication and Interactions With Individuals Who Have Dementia Analyse ways of responding to behaviour of an individual with dementia, taking account of the abilities and needs of the individual, carers and others. All service users are individual and use different ways to communicate, carers must understand these different methods and try their best to help, speak and ask questions in a way that individual living with dementia will understand, this may be through appropriate physical contact for reassurance or using non verbal gestures. Mr. R is a resident living with dementia, although Mr. R is on end of life care he is very strong and can have periods of aggression. Sometimes when trying to communicate Mr. R can become frustrated as due to his progression of dementia he has slurred speech and cannot form full sentences. This frustration can turn into violence towards others when Mr. R feels he is not being understood, carers use short sentences and allow Mr. R time for him to make choices, we use non verbal communication, pictures and point t o objects. If Mr. R does become aggressive it’s the carers duty to step away from the situation, this is safe for the resident not to cause harm to themselves, carers and others around. Be able to use positive interaction approaches with individuals with dementia. Explain the differences between a reality orientation approach to interaction and a validation approach. Reality orientation approach technique to help manage and improve cognition and memory, relearning to improve response to gain confidence, the theory uses time, venue, place, people and objects as the basis, if individuals know all these things on one particular interaction they will be able to understand what they are doing and gain confidence about themselves. Aids come in the form of big clock, large calendars, name tags ect. For example if a resident is greeted and unable to remember where they are and what they are doing, if this is explained and validated by names, places and times they will be relieved and settled. If that resident using this approach looks at the clock in the morning this may trigger the decision to get up, wash and dress for breakfast as this is what they would usually do at that time. Validation therapy is instead of bringing a person back to that realit y of dates and times is to step in to their reality to comfort and reduce anxiety. Mr. P every morning asks about her husband, when she realise her husband has passed she becomes very upset and unsettled for  the whole day and will not eat meals, stepping into Mrs. P’s reality as she thinks he is at work reduces her anxiety, improves eating habits, reduces conflicts and improves self esteem.